Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of Federal Protected Areas on the coast of the state of Paraíba in northeastern Brazil with regard to the preservation of mangrove forests. The study area encompassed remaining mangrove forests distributed in four federal protected areas (PAs) located in Paraíba: Area of Relevant Ecological Interest (AREI) of Mangroves of the Mamanguape River, Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of the Mamanguape River, the Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest (NATFOR), and the Acaú-Goiana Extractive Reserve (EXTRES). The methods consisted of a spatiotemporal analysis considering the year of creation of each PA, with mapping and quantification as well as the assessment of impacts and effectiveness. NATFOR and EXTRES had the most conserved mangrove areas on the temporal scale, whereas AREI and EPA had the largest reductions in areas of mangrove forest. Urban expansion, sugarcane monoculture, and shrimp farming represented the main negative impacts spatially identified in these PAs. Based on the results of this study, the mangrove forests analyzed have continually suffered anthropogenic pressures since their creation as protected areas. The greatest effectiveness in the preservation of mangrove forests was found in Acaú-Goiana EXTRES and the least effectiveness was found in the AREI of Mangroves of the Mamanguape River.

Abstract The Antillean manatee occurs discontinuously from the state of Amapá to the state of Alagoas on the coast of Brazil. There is also evidence of reintroduced manatees using the coasts of Sergipe and Bahia, with a preference for calm shallow waters. This study characterized the home range areas of six rehabilitated manatees released in northeastern Brazil. The activities were conducted in the states of Paraíba, Sergipe, and Bahia. Type of environment, substrate, depth, aquatic vegetation, physicochemical variables of the water, presence of solid waste, human settlements, and watercraft were considered to characterize the areas. The results showed a manatee preference for sheltered areas. Resources were available in larger quantities in the dry season, and a reduction in the availability of food items was fund over the years. High overlap was found in the multivariate space of the individuals in terms of the characteristics of the habitats. The estuary of the Paraíba River and the coastal area of Cabedelo Beach in Paraíba showed the greatest amount of solid waste, human settlements, and watercraft. Released manatees exhibited a preference for sites shallower than two meters, with food resources and fresh water availability. Brazil Bahia waters environment substrate depth vegetation waste settlements season years habitats meters

Abstract The presence of spoilage microorganisms in forage interferes with the fermentation process of silage, due to competition with lactic acid bacteria for substrate, generating losses and influencing the nutritional value of the ensiled material. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the effect of “Alecrim Pimenta” essential oil (Lippia sidoides) and nanoformulated thymol on microbiological, fermentative and aerobic stability profile of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. BRS Ponta Negra) silage intercropped with Paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás). A 4 x 3 factorial design was adopted, with four additives applied to the silages (control treatment; nanoformulated "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (OEN); 62% nanoformulated thymol; and 100% pure nanoformulated thymol), associated with three silo period times (15, 30 and 45 days), with five replications per treatment, totaling 60 mini silos. The Clostridium population was higher in the control treatment and in the OEN. The Lactobacillus population decreased with the increase in silo opening time. Higher aerobic stabilities were recorded in silages with 100% nanoformulated thymol with opening at 15 days; and silages with 62% nanoformulated Thymol (opening period at 30 and 45 days). Silages with 100% thymol provided higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents, while the use of OEN provided lower losses of dry matter and gases. Silos opened at 45 days showed higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents. Sorghum and Paiaguás grass silages that received nanoformulated thymol were more efficient in controlling Clostridium and Lactobacillus populations, and this additive improved the aerobic stability of the silage.

Resumo A presença de microrganismos deterioradores na forragem interfere no processo fermentativo da silagem, devido a competição com as bactérias ácido láticas por substrato, gerando perdas e influenciando o valor nutritivo do material ensilado. Assim, objetiva-se avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) e do timol nanoformulado sobre perfil microbiológico, fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia de silagem do consórcio de Sorgo (Sorghum bicolor var. Ponta Negra) com capim Paiaguás (Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás). Foi adotado esquema fatorial 4 x 3, quatro aditivos aplicados nas silagens (tratamento controle; óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta nanoformulado (OEN); timol nanoformulado 62%; e timol nanoformulado 100% de pureza), associados a três tempos de abertura do silo (15, 30 e 45 dias), com cinco repetições por tratamento, totalizando 60 mini silos. A população de Clostridium foi maior no tratamento controle e no OEN. A população de Lactobacillus reduziu com o aumento no tempo de abertura do silo. Maiores estabilidades aeróbica foram registradas em silagens com timol nanoformulado 100% com abertura aos 15 dias; e silagens com Timol nanoformulado 62% (tempos de abertura aos 30 e 45 dias). Silagens com timol 100% proporcionaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes, enquanto que o uso de OEN proporcionou menores perdas de matéria seca e gases. Silos com abertura aos 45 dias apresentaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes. Silagens de Sorgo e capim Paiaguás que recebram timol nanoformulado foram mais eficientes em controlar as populações de Clostridium e Lactobacillus, bem como este aditivo melhorou a estabilidade aeróbica da silagem.

Abstract In this essay, we contextualize the thematic dossier Contemporary Pragmatic Studies in the context of the development of Brazilian pragmatic studies in the last two decades, highlighting those directly or indirectly organized around initiatives of the Research Group on Logic and Natural Language (PUCRS) and Language and Culture (UFPR) and, more recently, from the Working Group on Pragmatic Studies of the National Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Letters/Linguistics (ANPOLL). The dossier brings together seven studies on contextualized aspects of language, assuming the idea that the speaker's informative intentions influence the inferred meanings in communication interactions in which volatile interpretations are negotiated.

Resumen En este ensayo, contextualizamos el dossier temático Estudios Pragmáticos Contemporáneos en el contexto del desarrollo de los estudios pragmáticos brasileños en las últimas dos décadas, destacando aquellos organizados directa o indirectamente en torno a iniciativas del Grupo de Investigación en Lógica y Lenguaje Natural (PUCRS) y Lenguaje y Cultura (UFPR) y, más recientemente, del Grupo de Trabajo de Estudios Pragmáticos de la Asociación Nacional de Investigación y Posgrado en Letras/Lingüística de Brasil (ANPOLL). El dossier reúne siete estudios sobre aspectos contextualizados del lenguaje, asumiendo la idea de que los significados inferidos por el oyente están en cierta medida influidos por las intenciones informativas del hablante en interacciones comunicativas en las que se negocian interpretaciones volátiles.

Resumo Contextualizamos neste ensaio o dossiê temático Estudos Pragmáticos Contemporâneos no contexto do desenvolvimento dos estudos pragmáticos brasileiros nas duas últimas décadas, destacando aqueles direta ou indiretamente organizados em torno de iniciativas dos Grupo de Pesquisa em Lógica e Linguagem Natural (PUCRS) e Linguagem e Cultura (UFPR) e, mais recentemente, do Grupo de Trabalho em Estudos Pragmáticos da Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação em Letras/Linguística (ANPOLL). O dossiê reúne sete estudos sobre aspectos contextualizados da linguagem, assumindo a ideia de que os significados inferidos pelo ouvinte são em alguma medida influenciados pelas intenções informativas do falante em interações comunicacionais nas quais se negociam interpretações voláteis.

Abstract This text reviews the concept of ad hoc metaphor and the Sperber and Wilson´s (1995) hypothesis about metaphorical meaning as an adjustment by inferential implication between lexicalized concepts and contextual informations via broadening or narrowing the concept (CARSTON, 2002, 2010; WILSON; CARSTON, 2006, 2008) and consider the hypothesis of the extension of a category of the extended relevantist model (SPERBER; WILSON, 2008). However, although promising, these approaches are still quite restricted to the assumption of rational effects only. Based on the premise that metaphor is a communicative ostension strategy built on concepts of categories and distinct properties, the text discusses the plausibility of metaphorical interpretation enrichment. The conclusion is that the ad hoc creative metaphor, guided by the principle of relevance, in addition to cognitive effects, also generates emotional effects (SANTOS; GODOY, 2020, 2021).

Resumen Este texto propone una revisión del concepto de metáfora ad hoc y de la hipótesis de Sperber y Wilson (1995) acerca del significado metafórico como ajuste por implicación inferencial entre los conceptos lexicalizados y las informaciones contextuales por ampliación o estrechamiento del concepto (CARSTON, 2002, 2010; WILSON; CARSTON, 2006, 2008) y considera la hipótesis de la extension de una categoría del modelo relevantista ampliado (SPERBER; WILSON, 2008). Sin embargo, aunque prometedores, estos enfoques se restringen únicamente a la presunción de efectos racionales. Partiendo de la premisa de que la metáfora es una estrategia de ostensión comunicativa construída sobre conceptos de categorías y propiedades distintas, el texto discute la plausibilidad del enriquecimiento de interpretación metafórico. La conclusión es que la metáfora creativa ad hoc, guiada por el principio de la pertinencia, además de efectos cognitivos también genera efectos emocionales (SANTOS; GODOY, 2020; 2021).

Resumo Este texto revisa o conceito de metáfora ad hoc e a hipótese de Sperber e Wilson (1995) sobre o significado metafórico como ajuste por implicação inferencial entre os conceitos lexicalizados e as informações contextuais via alargamento ou estreitamento do conceito (CARSTON, 2002, 2010; WILSON; CARSTON, 2006, 2008) e considera a hipótese da extensão de uma categoria do modelo relevantista ampliado (SPERBER; WILSON, 2008). Porém, apesar de promissores, essas abordagens ainda estão bastante restritas à presunção de efeitos racionais apenas. Partindo da premissa de que a metáfora é uma estratégia de ostensão comunicativa construída sobre conceitos de categorias e propriedades distintas, o texto discute a plausibilidade do enriquecimento de interpretação metafórico. A conclusão é que a metáfora criativa ad hoc, guiada pelo princípio de relevância, além de efeitos cognitivos também gera efeitos emocionais (SANTOS; GODOY, 2020; 2021).

Resumo O estudo do efeito da razão e das emoções na interpretação humana em uma perspectiva pragmática se justifica pelo fato de que no âmbito das ciências cognitivas as investigações que envolvem o uso da linguagem associada às emoções ainda são tímidas. Tomando como referência a teoria da relevância (SPERBER; WILSON, 2001), as neurociências cognitivas (GAZZANIGA; IVRY; MAGNUM, 2006; DAMÁSIO, 1994, 2004) e a psicologia cognitiva (LEDOUX, 1996; STERNBERG, 2010), o objetivo deste estudo é advogar em favor de uma arquitetura mental que congrega razão e emoções. A partir da modelação da interpretação de um enunciado noticiando a frustração de uma expectativa, argumenta-se que, em um ato comunicativo, o desejo - ao fazer uma ponte entre a razão, que opera a partir da valoração das representações contextuais, e as emoções, que atribuem níveis afetivos às representações mentais - é o gatilho para a atribuição de relevância.

Abstract The study regarding the effect of reason and emotions effect on human interpretation, through a pragmatic perspective, justifies itself over the fact, in the cognitive sciences, the investigations involving language use associated to emotions are still quite incipient. Taking as reference the Relevance Theory (SPERBER; WILSON, 2001), the cognitive neurosciences (GAZZANIGA; IVRY; MAGNUM, 2006 and DAMÁSIO, 1994, 2004) and the cognitive psychology (LEDOUX, 1996 and STERNBERG, 2010), the objective of this study is to advocate in favor of a mental architecture that forgathers reason and emotions in the interpretation. Based on the modeling of the interpretation of an utterance that reports the frustration of an expectation, we argue that, in a communicative act, the desire is a trigger for the attribution of relevance when serving as a link between reason, which operates from the valuation of contextual representations, and emotions, which attribute affective levels to mental representations.

Resumen El estudio del efecto de la razón y de las emociones en la interpretación humana por intermedio de la pragmática se justifica porque, en el ámbito de las ciencias cognitivas, las investigaciones que involucran el uso del lenguaje consignada a las emociones son aún bastante tímidas. Tomándose como referencia la Teoría de la Pertinencia (SPERBER; WILSON, 2001), las neurociencias cognitivas (GAZZANIGA; IVRY; MAGNUM, 2006 y DAMÁSIO, 1994, 2004) y la psicología cognitiva (LEDOUX, 1996 y STERNBERG, 2010), el objetivo de este estudio es abogar en favor de una arquitectura mental que congrega razón y emociones en la interpretación. Partiendo del modelado de la interpretación de un enunciado que reporta la frustración de una expectativa, argumentamos que, en un acto comunicativo, el deseo - al hacer un puente entre la razón, que opera desde la valoración de las representaciones contextuales, y las emociones, que atribuyen niveles afectivos a las representaciones mentales - es el detonante para la atribución de relevancia.

A Área Metropolitana de Delhi (NCT - National Capital Territory) é atualmente a segunda maior megacidade do mundo com uma população aproximada de 25 milhões de habitantes (UN, 2014). O seu território parece ter-se desenvolvido anarquicamente, enunciando uma distância irrecuperável entre o exercício de planeamento e a realidade das transformações urbanas. Pode-se questionar se a perpetuação desse distanciamento não esteve desde sempre incorporada nos modos de ‘pensar e fazer cidade' revelando-se o principal motor na construção física e social da metrópole. Entre as narrativas do planeamento e a afirmação de um urbanismo informal e insurgente parece existir uma relação estreita. Pretende-se neste ensaio estabelecer o nexo entre os principais momentos de planeamento da cidade ao longo da história, o emergir da sua face informal e o panorama de vulnerabilidades que assolam a metrópole na contemporaneidade. Conclui-se com a importância deste enquadramento, enquanto referencial para uma reflexão alargada sobre os modelos de desenvolvimento urbano tendo em conta os desafios do século XXI.

New Delhi is currently the second largest megacity in the world with a population of nearing 25 million inhabitants (UN, 2014). Its territory seems to have developed anarchically, enunciating an unrecoverable distance between planning practice and reality. We can, on the contrary, question if the perpetuation of this distance has not been embedded in the ways of ‘thinking and doing' city, constituting the main driver in the physical and social construction of the metropolis. Between planning narratives and the surfacing of an informal urbanism it seems to exist a close relationship. The aim of this essay is to establish the nexus between the main planning moments in Delhi throughout history, the emergence of an informal and insurgent city parallel to the planned one and the panorama of vulnerabilities that impact the metropolis today. Finally, we conclude with the importance of this framework, as a reference for a broad reflection on urban development models taking into account the challenges of the 21st century.

Background: Gaucher disease is an inborn, autosomal recessive error of the metabolism which belongs to the group of lysosomal storage disorders. Objective: This work reports on the treatment of Gaucher disease in several members of the same family from the countryside of Maranhão. Methods: This was an observational, retrospective and prospective, descriptive case study about the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy. Results: The results showed that women were more affected (80% of patients) by the disease, age at diagnosis ranged from 24 to 33 years, the predominant ethnicity was mulatto (80%) and all cases were classified as type 1. The diagnosis of these patients was performed by measuring the levels of glucocerebrosidase and chitotriosidase enzymes and confirmed by genotyping. All patients suffering from Gaucher disease had low glucocerebrosidase levels. Before replacement therapy, hepatosplenomegaly was the most common clinical manifestation (100%) and osteopenia was seen in 80% of the cases. Regarding hematological manifestations, anemia and leukopenia were found in 40% of patients at diagnosis; however the hemoglobin and leukocyte levels were normalized after four years of therapy. Thrombocytopenia, observed in 20% of cases, was normalized after the second year of treatment. Conclusion: In these cases, despite gaps in the treatment as the family resides in the rural region of the state, the patients with Gaucher disease showed satisfactory therapeutic response over time.

In atmospheric aerosol sampling, it is inevitable that the air that carries particles is in motion, as a result of both externally driven wind and the sucking action of the sampler itself. High or low air flow sampling speeds may lead to significant particle size bias. The objective of this work is the validation of measurements enabling the comparison of species concentration from both air flow sampling techniques. The presence of several outliers and increase of residuals with concentration becomes obvious, requiring non-parametric methods, recommended for the handling of data which may not be normally distributed. This way, conversion factors are obtained for each of the various species under study using Kendall regression.